The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe - 953 Words

Many people often dislike hearing scary noises in a desolated place where there is no one around. Any noise can be very frightful to the mind and to the heart. Our mind can sometimes create an image that does not exist and would essentially make anybody go crazy at the moment of hearing those scary noises. Edgar’s Poem, â€Å"The Raven’’, basically tells the story of a man that has lost everything including his beloved wife who he misses very much to the point of having hallucinations of the wind calling her name â€Å"Lenoreâ€Å". He experiences realism and fantasy with a raven that shows up in his chamber door. The person in the story appears to be alone in his house and depressed about the loss of his wife Lenore. Then, standing at the chamber door, a raven will respond to the narrator’s arguments with the word â€Å"Nevermore† making the story more allusive and suspenseful as it develops. Each time, the raven becomes more mysterious and it is scary to hear the raven say the word â€Å"nevermore†. The poem begins with the narrator’s sorrow of her lost Lenore. Trying to have some relief from his sorrow by reading a â€Å"quaint and curious volume of forgotten loreâ€Å". (688) â€Å"Vainly I had tried to borrow from my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow of the lost Lenore- for the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore†(688). The narrator tries to seek as much relief and comfort as he can but it becomes impossible, he will even try to think of the divine. He starts to think of ghosts, angelsShow MoreRelatedThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe849 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrator of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe experiences this void after the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator is isolated from the world until a raven appears before him. The events and dialogue that follow are what makes The Raven such a legendary piece of literature. The gothic poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is an exampl e of repetition and shift. With the help of repetition and shift, Poe’s use of diction gives the reader clarity to the meaning of the poem. Nevermore, the answer the Raven gives theRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe (the Raven)1496 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poes The Raven Poes The Raven is not only an American classic, its a favorite of high school students around the world, as well as their teachers. That being said, its still poetry and therefore can be difficult to understand. Read this summary to review the contents and get a better understanding. * Stanzas: 1-2 Make everyone in class think youre really smart when you bust out everything youve learned in this summary: Stanza 1:  Its late. The poems speaker is tiredRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1062 Words   |  5 PagesWritten by Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"The Raven† is a famous short poem known for the dark fantasy that it portrays. From the mindset of a first person narrative, one may experience the tale through the eyes of a haunted man who is in mourning for the death of his beloved Lenore. As this man sits in his chamber, within a dark and dreary December night, a â€Å"raven of the saintly days of yore† visits him. The raven is no ordinary bird, for it is like a ghost, silent, yet it answers every inquiry the man presentsRead MoreThe Raven by Edgar Allan Poe1334 Words   |  6 PagesCastro Professor Gary Smith English 1302 10/31/2012 Symbolism in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe was highly criticized throughout his life whether it was for his high achievements or his downfalls; he always seemed to be talked about. Poe was born in January 19, 1809; his mother died shortly after being abandoned by his father leaving him and his brothers’ orphans at an early age. Poe was taken by John and Francis Allan. With the help of his foster parents he was later able to attend the UniversityRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe964 Words   |  4 Pages Essay 1 In the poem â€Å"The Raven†, Edgar Allan Poe expresses a current state of drunkenness, drug use, and depression as existing in a dark and dreary prison like setting, tormented by the memories of a lost love. Poe’s literary career was undoubtedly influenced by the many tragedies he suffered in his life. These misfortunes are evident in the correlation between his characters in his writings and real life events. It is clear that Poe had a problematic life from a young age; he struggled with mentalRead MoreThe Raven, By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesprominent writer of the horror fiction genre would be Edgar Allan Poe, well known for writing The Raven, who would be the most recognizable and most established horror writer. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 and was the middle child of three children. At the age of 3, both of his parents died and was then taken in by a tobacco merchant by the name of John Allan in Richmond, Virginia. John Allan wanted Poe to be a businessman but Edgar was by no means a businessman. By the age of 13Read MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1157 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Raven† is a fictional poem written by Edgar Allan Poe in which the audience witnesses the narrator’s gradual change from a weary scholar to grieving lover. While falling asleep, he suddenly hears a tap at his chamber door. In alarm, the scholar tries to reason with himself and explain away the soft tapping. Eventually, he gains courage, opens the door, and finds it void of anyone. The narrator immediately wonders if it is perhaps his lost love, Lenore waiting for him, yet the only answer toRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pages The poem I selected is â€Å"The Raven† written by popular American writer, Edgar Allan Poe. I chose this poem because of previous memories of reading several of Edgar Allan Poe’s writings. I remember in 8th grade when my teacher introduced the whole class to a short story called â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. I loved the poem a lot, I liked how gory, detailed, and interesting it was. It went perfectly for the time of year it was, which was October. Soon after we were done reading the poem, the whole grade wentRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe945 Words   |  4 Pageshad to experience hardly any grief in my life. Everyone is different which results in everyone having their own way that they deal with grief. The way that Edgar Allan Poe describes grief and the way that Emily Dickinson describes grief is both different and similar. Poe’s famous poem titled â€Å"The Raven† is a great example of how Edgar Allan Poe writes about grief. The poem is about the grief of the narrator during the loss of the love of his life, Lenore. The narrator’s opening statement in theRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1900 Words   |  8 Pagesall expectations and thoughts on poetry. His name is Edgar Allan Poe. He brought a lot more to the scene than just poetry, and that is what he is well known for. His poetry was more than just writing; they were dark stories that somehow resembled to him in some way. He wrote great works such as, â€Å"Eldorado†, â€Å"A Dream†, and â€Å"Alone.† All of those poems are great, but there is two that stand out far greater than all of them: â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven.† They share a similar story-line, but different popularity

Comparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Essay

Comparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Curiosity and bravery led the English to discover the nations of America. These strong willed Europeans, determined to find to a new world, set out with high hopes and ambitions. Settling a variety of colonies along the coast of North America, the English were among the first true pioneers. After several expeditions and ships loads of emigrants, the English had a divergence of reasons for departing Europe for America. The settlers of the Chesapeake and New England colonies, were foreigners to the land, established two exceptional but contrary societies due to the diversity of English citizens. Chesapeake and New England colonies, although from the same English background,†¦show more content†¦Since they could resist him as a spiritual leader and then would certainly defy as a political leader as well. Therefore, King James I menaced then out of the land. Compelled to sail to America in search of religious toleration these English soon founded Plymouth colony. They were separatist known as pilgrims, settled the land in strong belief that they would be free of religious prosecution. Coming to America for entirely opposite motivations, cause these two colonies began to contrast from the very start. Controlling the colonies dealing with separate perspectives on life, Governor John Winthrop of the Massachusetts Bay colony (part of New England) and Governor William Berkley of the Virginia colony (part of Chesapeake) had a difference in views on the upraising of a community. According to John Winthrop all people are equal; the rich, the poor, the mean, and the powerful. With God at the center of the New England colony, the pilgrims believed in working together as one for the glory of God, where the colonist at Chesapeake believed that one man could be better then another. In 1630 while Governor Winthrop was aboard the Arbella he writes that the community needs to uphold a fellowship together. Their unity should be abided by one spirit of peace for everyone is a worthy servant of Christ. On the other hand Governor Berkeley viewpoint was quite varied form that of Winthrop’s. In a statement to hisShow MoreRelatedComparing And Contrasting Colonial America1532 Words   |  7 PagesKristen Schimmoller Dr. Kenneth Shefsiek History 105 2 October 2014 Comparing and Contrasting Colonial America In the seventeenth century, colonial America was categorized into three major regions; New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. Each region provided various opportunities and breakthrough ideas that created a distinct economic, cultural, and political society different from any other region. These ideas became the beginning of some prominent themes and beliefs Americans seeRead MoreThe Similarities between the Movie The New World and John Smiths Writing2117 Words   |  9 PagesI have to do a 1000 word comparative and contrast essay on the new worlddirected by Taerrence malik and the John Smiths writtings with six elements of stories, plot stucture, character, setting, point of view, symbolism, and theme... Can you help me due tommorow thanks Soila Cordova Mr. Marquart 20 June 2012 The New World The movie, â€Å"The New World† is a drama-romantic film by Terrence Malick which has many similarities to Smith’s writings however there is also some differences.Read MoreAmerican Spirit Volume I3787 Words   |  16 PagesThe ^American Spirit United States History as Seen by Contemporaries Ninth Edition Volume I: To 1877 Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New YorkContents 1 2 Preface xxi New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D.1769 1 A. The Native Americans 1 1. Visualizing the New World (1505, 1509) 1 2. Juan Gines de Sepulveda Belittles the Indians (1547) 3 3. Bartoleme de Las Casas Defends the Indians (1552) 4 B. The Spanish in America 6 1. Hernan Cortes Conquers Mexico (1519-1526) 6 2. Aztec Chroniclers Describe the

Project Management Planning and Control Techniques Model

Question: Discuss about the Project Management for Planning and Control Techniques Model. Answer: Introduction The current projects are large, complex, and risky. Project management plays a significant role towards an organizations success. Project methodologies are models used by managers in the designing, planning, implementation, and achievement of project goals. Project methodologies have strategic, tactical, and operational benefits to an organization (Burke, 2013, p. 100). Queensland Rail Limited operates in Australia and is registered for undertaking business by the corporation's act of 2001. The essay will be based on the engineering and construction domain where Queensland Rail Limited is involved. In the engineering and construction field, tenders are given where interested parties apply to enter into the construction contracts. In this case, the open tender is about upgrading of the switchboard at the rail center 1 and the necessary security on the same offered as stated in the amended clauses. Project management methodologies lead to improved project performance and improved quality of standards (Heldman, 2015, p. 76). From this case study, choosing the most appropriate project management methodology makes a construction project flow. The case incorporates various technicalities of procurement and contracting sides when it comes to budgeting and execution. The management of Queensland Rail Limited needs to work with personal demands of the constructors, community, and other stakeholders to ensure that their project succeed. The purpose of this essay is to help students generate skills in the content and compilation of a contract, give learners an opportunity to consider the role of methodology for efficient work procedures, and enable learners to enhance their analysis of case studies with written communication skills. The essay will adequately demonstrate the methods used in Queensland Rail Limited case and its importance in project management. General Overview of Contract Terms From this case study, the major building and construction contract conditions of tendering include various parties. The agreement is entered into between the contractor and the winning bidder. The contractor refers to the entity contracting to execute the works while the tenderer is the entity submitting a tender. For the deal to occur, the principal (Queensland Rail Limited is involved as per the practices described in the tender documents. As per the methodology used by the contractor, all tenders which do not comply with the tender documents are rejected (Kerzner, 2013, p. 40). For the principal to access the tender and capability of the tenderer in completing the tenders satisfactorily, all bids are required to be accompanied with enough details and descriptions. Based on the Australian INR, all raw applications submitted to Queensland will be evaluated by best value for money. Other considerations conducted before awarding the construction tender include time to complete the wor k, tender price, history of the tenderer, quality assurance compliance, and full ownership costs. Construction Laws Change and complexity significantly affect Queensland Rail Limited (QRL) setting, and this prompts the management to be competitive, customer-oriented cost saving, and productive. The implementation of effective strategies is paramount to the success of QRL when it comes to tenders. The tender processes portrayed in this case illustrates the science of project management. To make contracts viable, the principal has amended the construction requirement laws in that under any circumstance that a tender is entered into by two contractees, they shall share the liabilities and obligations of the contract jointly (Meredith and Mantel Jr, 2011, p. 120). In this case, the project management methodology for the principal defines "bill of quantities" as the document that states the estimated amounts of the contract. All the works are carried out in business days and that whenever the principal has not paid the tenderer in time, he or she should file a payment claim hereof. Tender Openings The tender opportunities for QRL are advertised publicly and privately. Unlike the private domain, in public domain, the tenderers visit the company's openings of bids to get the verbal advice of the offer prices. The principal usually disclosed to the unsuccessful bidders the tendered price and name of the successful tenderer. The bids are required to be either variable or fixed as stated in the Annexure (Hong and Kwon, 2012, p. 455). Furthermore, the company's procurement act requires that only two forms of contracts will be acceptable, Lump sum or Schedule of rates and the partly lump sum or somewhat schedule of rates. Whenever the contract tendered is a lump sum or slightly lump sum, every tenderer is required to quote a price which shall complete the contract to satisfy the principal. Where the contract to be started is a schedule of rates or partly schedule of rates, the tenderers should state their prices deemed sufficient to complete the contract with tender documents and for the satisfaction of the principal (Potts and Ankrah, 2014, p. 50). In both cases, the principal, Queensland Rail Limited requires all tenderers to state the total price arrived at after summing up all the itemized amounts. Tendering Process Under this project methodology, QRL follows a project management lifecycle from initiation to closure, and this cycle enables managers in coming up with the administration processes and best practices (Porwal and Hewage, 2013, p. 210). In this tender case, the principal uses this process assignment across all tenders before giving a bid to the winning bidder. Initiation From this case, project initiation is conducted to sponsor the competitive bidding process and ensure a precise ongoing project governance. This phase plays a critical role in the management since all stakeholders in the contract are given a substantial head start of securing the tender success (Lou and Alshawi, 2010, p. 106). During the initiation stage, the principal (QRL), agrees to the project's goal while the contractor and tenderers explain why they need to be part of the project. All the potential risks are identified, proper time frames are established, and definition of efficient communication lines between the tenderers and the principle gets established. Planning Construction planning remains to be a significant and challenging operation in the management and establishment of construction projects. This involves the precise creation of tender tasks, definition of the needed resources, and the estimated time duration required for the execution of procurement contract (Lou and Alshawi, 2010, p. 100). In this case study, the construction tender requires valuable organizational decisions in the analysis of the competitive bidding process and the implications it has to Queensland in the long run. The management has ensured accurate record keeping as far as tender budgets information is concerned. Executing This requires the introduction of the project execution plan (PEP) which states the policies and procedures outlined by the principle (QRL) for the project sponsor's approval. In our case study for Queensland, there are terms indicated in the contract as per what the parties should do to ensure that the objectives and goals of the agreement gets met. The tender documents for subcontract assignments comprise all contract terms applicable and issued by the principle in the specification (Sodhi Son, and Tang, 2012, p. 5). The terms require that all services layout provided in the tender program shall be taken reasonably precise for the particular offer. From this case, the manager is required to post requests for pre-qualified architects to bid on the work available. Based on the fees and submission of necessary documents, tenders are awarded. Monitoring and controlling The monitoring and control of the procurement process start with planning and ends with the project closure. This case study shows that the management use cost engineering, cost control, and forecasting as the primary tools for monitoring the tender process. The management involves contractors, tenderers, and the principle in the analysis of project processes and tools used in planning so as to come up with mitigative strategies of minimizing risks and delay claims (Petkova, 2009, p. 220). By the use of project management manual tools and techniques, the project manager in QRL can manage budget updates, project safety, risk management, schedule updates, and communication with all stakeholders appropriately. Closing From the findings in the case, the closure of the tender process in a construction contract is not a straightforward process. The closure of a project remains as relevant to project management just as its initiation. The end of the project makes an organization cease from consuming unnecessary resources. In this case, the termination of the procurement contract between the tenderer and the principal arises only when one party violates both specific and general conditions of the contract (Kelly, Male, and Graham, 2014, p. 90). Based on the contractor's investigations, interpretations, information, deductions, and determinations about the contractees inability to enter into a contract leads to final closure of the tender. Tender Documents The contract documents for the subcontract to be given by the tenderer comprise the terms and conditions of the tender applicable to it as provided by Queensland and its specifications. All sections of this specification need to be studied about all other sections and requirements in the contract documentation (Verzuh, 2015, p. 99). All the conditions of the contract are issued by the principal with time specifications of the tender in addition to the conditions portrayed in the specification. For example, for drawing 9208.2/E1- whose title is rail center 1 new primary switchborad=schematic arrangement implies that the service layout is taken as significantly accurate for tender purposes only. Any other measurement and relevant information in undertaking all work portions are obtained from the job site before beginning the construction works. Scope of Work by the Contractor The contractor in the tender is responsible for the supply and installation of switch appliances, labor, cartage, tools, plant, fixings, and support systems for the work. From the case, in the opinion of the principle, when neither the drawings nor the specifications mention minor items which are deemed to be reasonable and necessary before the superintendent, it is satisfactory to terminate the work (Winch, 2010, p. 80). For example, the work to be conducted by the contractor includes alteration of the existing ATS panel of QTL, certify work before possible closure, supply and install new active power regulators, and tests all done work for defects validity confirmation. Pre and Post Tender Requirements From this case, all pre and post tender requirements get in force only when they do not conflict with any other terms of work issued by the principle during the tender time. The contractor is required to be well familiarized with tender site inspection to plan for tenderers the opportunity to inspect and document the condition of construction site Doloi, Iyer, and Sawhney, 2011, p. 690). The contractor should have carefully examined all documents of the contract and the location at the time of tender to gain extra information necessary to complete the project. Further, this project's methodology requires that the work is undertaken in a manner that conforms to the program submitted by the contractor. For example, the application must define the full details of the staging of the works as well as the proposed data delivery of new APR to the work sites. Conforming and Alternative Tenders The principal requires the tenderers to lodge with hum alternative bid except where options are not allowed by the contract for the part of works (Mohemad, 2010, p. 2000). In the annexure, Queensland Rail Limited require all tenderers to include a separate section in tenders that indicates compliance with the clause. The bidder may submit an alternative tender where a significant variation from the specification is proposed. Tender Withdrawal The terms and conditions of the contract state that tenders are withdrawable at a particular time before closure of bids by notice in writing to the principal (Fewings, 2013, p.66). These proposals will be set aside for unopened collection by the tenderer after signing for the tenders even before the award of the contract. Conclusion For project management to be successful, various tender processes are significant. Successful projects have clearly defined objectives, precise management process, and a proven set procurement tools. Project methodology carries both strengths and weaknesses. The administration should follow the most suitable project methodology so as to reap the maximum benefits. Suitable methods enable procurement managers design, plan, and implement their project's goals efficiently. Therefore, managers should employ the most appropriate project methodology that caters to the needs of the project being undertaken as per the industry domain. References Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Doloi, H., Iyer, K.C. and Sawhney, A., 2011. Structural equation model for assessing impacts of contractor's performance on project success.International Journal of Project Management,29(6), pp.687-695. Fewings, P., 2013.Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Heldman, K., 2015.PMP Project Management Professional Exam Deluxe Study Guide: Updated for the 2015 Exam. John Wiley Sons. Hong, P. and Kwon, H.B., 2012. Emerging issues of procurement management: a review and prospect.International Journal of Procurement Management 4,5(4), pp.452-469. Kelly, J., Male, S. and Graham, D., 2014.Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lou, E.C.W. and Alshawi, M., 2010. Critical success factors for e-tendering implementation in construction collaborative environments: people and process issues.Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon),14(10), pp.98-109. Meredith, J.R. and Mantel Jr, S.J., 2011.Project management: a managerial approach. John Wiley Sons. Mohemad, R., Hamdan, A.R., Othman, Z.A. and Noor, N.M.M., 2010. Decision support systems (DSS) in construction tendering processes.arXiv preprint arXiv:1004.3260. Petkova, V., Lockie, S., Rolfe, J. and Ivanova, G., 2009. Mining developments and social impacts on communities: Bowen Basin case studies.Rural Society,19(3), pp.211-228. Porwal, A., and Hewage, K.N., 2013. Building Information Modeling (BIM) partnering framework for public construction projects.Automation in Construction,31, pp.204-214. Potts, K. and Ankrah, N., 2014.Construction cost management: learning from case studies. Routledge. Sodhi, M.S., Son, B.G. and Tang, C.S., 2012. Researchers' perspectives on supply chain risk management.Production and operations management,21(1), pp.1-13. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Winch, G.M., 2010.Managing construction projects. John Wiley Sons.

Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways Essay Example

Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways Paper Besides, certain electronic devices must not be used on the aircraft at any time such as Bluetooth, Wi-If and remote controlled products but now customers can use bile data on the plane, which is called connect. 4 It provides limited network service to costumers. Moreover, its in-flight entertainment system offers video channels, audios, games and reading materials on demand system for First and Business class passengers. Cathy Pacific is exclusively showing popular Cantonese television drama series onboard from last year. It can attract new customers onto the plane to try the entertainment system onboard. The series, produced by leading local TV station Television Broadcasts Limited (TV), further enhance the entertainment selection available for passengers. To conclude, the information technology can improve internal and external communications, raise revenue, cut service costs and improve the quality of services. 2) Technological advancement on weather forecasting Weather change is one of the reasons that lead to increase costs of Cathy Pacific. It may causes damage of the fleet and waste of fuel because of the unpredictable climate change. Nowadays, airlines could move flight times to avoid storms since the technology of in-flight weather forecasting is getting more accurate continuously. The improvement of radar and other weather- sensing technology complements become more accuracy then before. Not only for 7-day weather forecasting, it can even sense that there is an airstreams instantaneously. Therefore, the pilots can adjust the route of the airline to avoid unnecessary damage, and assure the passengers that it is safe on their trip. ) Energy Use of Cathy Pacific Energy uses is one of the technological factors. Cathy Pacific is committed to promoting environmental protection and limiting carbon emissions by investing in technology. Nowadays, the fleet of Cathy Pacific is fuel-efficient but flying unavoidably release carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Cathy Pacific has participated in a voluntary programmer called Fly Greener. 5 Passengers who want to take part in this programmer may use cash to buy offset the carbon emissions of their flight. The online calculator will calculate the quantity of carbon emission is released by the passengers’ trip. The passenger can decide to pay for one flight only or make a lump sum contribution. We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It shows that Cathy Pacific obey the polluter pays Renville to support environmental production. Moreover, those payments by passengers will be dedicated to Fly Greener for the improvement of the local environment. Although it raises the cost for limiting carbon emissions, it can show its good image to public. ) Waste management Since Cathy Pacific is committed to promoting environment protection, solid waste management and disposal is one of the most significant issues in the environmental management of the airline industry. Some of wastes come from in-flight catering service. However, Cathy Pacific is trying to do cycling and removal of waste management. For example, aluminum foils can be collected during food cart washing for recycling some Of the food waste would pass to the waste disposal factory to reprocess for animal feeds. ) Promotion Cathy Pacific makes use of hi-tech promotional method by moving its infilling magazine from prints to pixels. 6 The monthly Discovery magazine is available as an pad app and everyone can download it from Apple’s tunes Store for free. Such an app features the same content as the print edition, and it also includes embedded videos, high-resolution images. Those customers of Cathy Pacific can get the newsstands from their tablets and the content of magazine will automatically update each month. The customers are allowed to download the magazine onto their tablet to read in-flight. Conclusion of Technological Environment Analysis of Cathy Pacific Airways: Some of technological factors are beneficial to the development of Cathy Pacific even it costs a large amount of expenditure. Cathy Pacific has made use of the technological factors on such aspects that include communication, weather forecasting, energy use, waste management and promotion. For communication, the information system is flexible and reliable in Cathy Pacific. It is effective to enhance the interaction between the customers and the company. The customers can get the information and check their schedule conveniently. Moreover, Cathy Pacific provides a safe and comfortable trip for each flight. The accuracy of in-flight weather forecasting is keep improving. Cathy Pacific takes environmental and social responsibilities seriously. Limiting the emissions of greenhouse gas, recycling and reprocessing of food waste are its daily tasks. Moreover, it takes part in a Eng-term campaign called Fly Greener to support environmental protection.

Burial in different cultures (

Burial in different cultures ( Burial in Mythology Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in amultitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead canprovide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practicesand myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received fromTimothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital informationregarding the transition into another life.Regarding the burial practicesof Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis ofproper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricateprocess known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved processspanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs wereremoved with one exception, the h eart.Egyptian VIf the body was not already West ofthe Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying processwas initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of theNile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of thesubstance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint thebody with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthyenough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremoniesto ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of aspecial funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure asuccessful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heartdid not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess...

Conjugating the French Verb Déménager (to Move House)

Conjugating the French Verb Dà ©mà ©nager (to Move House) In French, the noun  nouvelle maison  means new house. When moving to that new house, the verb   dà ©mà ©nager  is used. Literally to move, this verb must be conjugated when using it in the past, present, or future tense.   Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©mà ©nager Dà ©mà ©nager  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a bit of a challenge to conjugate. It follows a pattern found in other verbs that end in -ger  such as  bouger  (to move). As you will see, in some conjugations an E is added after the G. This is to retain the soft G sound before an ending that begins with an A or O. Other than that, conjugating  dà ©mà ©nager  is relatively simple. To transform it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I move is je dà ©mà ©nage and we will move is nous dà ©mà ©nagerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dmnage dmnagerai dmnageais tu dmnages dmnageras dmnageais il dmnage dmnagera dmnageait nous dmnageons dmnagerons dmnagions vous dmnagez dmnagerez dmnagiez ils dmnagent dmnageront dmnageaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©mà ©nager The  present participle  of  dà ©mà ©nager  is  dà ©mà ©nageant.  It is not just a verb, but can also act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Beyond the imperfect, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another common way to express the past tense in French. To form this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun. Then, add the  past participle  dà ©mà ©nagà ©. For instance, I moved is jai dà ©mà ©nagà © and we moved is nous avons dà ©mà ©nagà ©. More Simple  Dà ©mà ©nager  Conjugations to Know The most important conjugations to study are those above. There are also times when you will need to know a few more simple forms of  dà ©mà ©nager. For instance, if the action of moving is somehow questionable, you might employ either the subjunctive or the conditional verb moods. In rare instances and most often in writing, you may also encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While not vital to most students French studies, its a good idea to be able to recognize these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dmnage dmnagerais dmnageai dmnageasse tu dmnages dmnagerais dmnageas dmnageasses il dmnage dmnagerait dmnagea dmnaget nous dmnagions dmnagerions dmnagemes dmnageassions vous dmnagiez dmnageriez dmnagetes dmnageassiez ils dmnagent dmnageraient dmnagrent dmnageassent In the imperative verb form,  dà ©mà ©nager  can be used in short and often assertive commands or requests. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use  dà ©mà ©nage rather than tu dà ©mà ©nage. Imperative (tu) dmnage (nous) dmnageons (vous) dmnagez

Constantin Brancusi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Constantin Brancusi - Essay Example On the other hand his sculpture was influenced by the traditional Romanian motifs, so the past was not totally vanished. Born in a small village from Romania, a country not yet so developed in many fields, Brancusi enjoyed a peaceful life, in the middle of nature. In the past and even nowadays the Romanian peasants decorated their houses with traditional signs, motifs, that later appeared in Brancusi's works next to the avant-gardist ones. At the same time each of his sculpture has a theme or several ideas. So, the redefinition of the form begins with the transformation of antic in something modern, of an easy work into something more difficult to understand. Brancusi's originality lays in the inner strength of his sculptures, in the geometrical and simple forms. These came from his country values: simplicity and love for nature. Constantin Brancusi was not so well received by the contemporaries because his sculptures were not facile, and could not be understood by everybody. In Romania, his natal country, his genius was recognized only after 1964 when the authorities started to arrange and to take care of the monumental assembly(containing The endless Column, The silent Muse, The gate of Kiss, etc) from Targu-Jiu. In spite of some unfavorable critics, in 1912 he received his first prize at the Bucharest Drawing-Room, and a year later his works were presented in many exhibition in New York, Paris, Chicago, Bucharest, Munchen, London, so it can be said that his recognition came during his life, but it was not according to his real value. In time this thing changed, the proof is that he is considered nowadays the greatest sculptor of all times and that one of his sculptures from Bird of Space collection was sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, being the highest sold sculpture ever.His country influenced him very mu ch but the abroad studies were also very important. After studying at the Beautiful Arts School from Bucharest he studied in Paris, being for a period an apprentice in Rodin's workshop. He didn't stay here so long, because he was aware of his capacity and that a real sculptor could not develop under the mentorship of another great sculptor: "nothing can grow at the shadow of the big trees(at the shadow of an oak tree cannot grow any other tree)"3. Constantin Brancusi was aware of the fact that he saw life and art differently and did not want to undertake somebody else opinions, forms and experience because he knew that in this way he would not be able to grow, creatively speaking. This doesn't mean that Rodin didn't inspire him, but he knew when to stop and when to put his own print. He believed that a creator should work with his three coordinates: his divine side, his royal side, but , at the same time he should commit himself totally to the work. Constantin Brancusi's forerunners over loaded the sculptures, using obscure forms and mysteries, thinking that in these lay their value. They couldn't use their innovative spirit and they couldn't believe they can create through

Economics Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Issue - Essay Example Korea as well as India may take the initiative of lessening tax rates for addressing and mitigating the above stated issues by a considerable extent. Based on the journal, which mainly depicted one of the problems facing by the economies across Asia concerning about diminishing inflation rates, it can be affirmed that then above nations must remain quite vigilant in keep the inflation rates under greater control. This might aid in attracting the investors and also the other stakeholders to take necessary and appropriate measures about solving such a crucial economic issue (Wright, â€Å"Economies across Asia Face Falling Inflation Rates†). With this concern, the essay intends to address the aforesaid economic issue with determining its impact on the economies and identifying the measures to address and mitigate such a crucial economic issue. In relation to Asian countries, Japan took the initiative of lessening consumer expenditures and making substantial investments for mitigating the problem of dipping inflation rates. In recent times, Japan experienced the crucial concern of rising prices in the form of monetary as well as fiscal stimulus. In this particular scenario, the economists anticipate that the inflation will fall below at certain rates in future. Apart from Japan, the inflation rate in Indonesia can also be apparently noticed below 8 % at the end of the year 2013 and the economists expect that inflation rate will be higher in subsequent years. This might be due to the reasons of increased level of globalization, gaining momentum of internationalization and most importantly increased level of customers’ expenditures among others (Wright, â€Å"Economies across Asia Face Falling Inflation Rates†). As per the article presented in Wall Street Journal, it can be ascertained that the respective governments of Asia have mainly relied on the debts for

Reaction Paper Related on Business Communication Essay Example for Free

Reaction Paper Related on Business Communication Essay Further, to fully use new pedagogical possibilities offered by ICT, profound changes in managers conceptions of learning and knowledge are required. Technical expertise alone is not sufficient for exploiting new pedagogical possibilities provided by ICT; insofar as ICT is used in the educational system as a purely technical innovation, it is not likely that significant pedagogical progress will be achieved. Several cognitive researchers (e. g. , Salomon, 1997; Salomon ; Perkins, 1996; Scardamalia ; Bereiter, 1994) have pointed out that many applications of educational technology support only lower-level processing of knowledge. Yet new pedagogical models of using educational technology, and particularly computer-supported collaborative learning environments, promise to provide new opportunities for solving pedagogical problems in the schools. Scardamalia and Bereiter (1994; in press), and others, have proposed that to meet the future challenges, schools be transformed into communities where productive working for advancing communal knowledge is a primary goal of both students and managers. Knowledge building refers to a process of advancing understanding by setting up, articulating, and answering research questions, searching and exploring information, and generating and evaluating explanations. In the present study, the sustained processes of advancing and building of knowledge characteristic of scientific inquiry and knowledge-creating organizations are called progressive inquiry. Several, concurrent, cognitive research projects share a common goal of fostering such research-like processes of inquiry in education.

environment & public policy :: essays research papers

Environmental Policy and the Government The purpose of the United States' public policy law is to implement restrictions in an effort to solve problems, which is shown with the Clean Water Act and employed to reform the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The United States government is noble in its efforts to preserve the environment through these acts, but the internal structure of public policy often retards these acts' effectiveness. This essay will explore ways in which factors such as horizontal implementation and the divided government affects the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Before one can discuss how these policies affect environmental legislation, a brief description of each must first be lucidly explained. When our government was created, a system of checks and balances was implemented to make sure that no one part of government acquires more power than others. Although this limits the power of anyone person in government, it often slows down the ability of government because a consensus can be hard with a g reat number people collaborating. Horizontal implementation pertains to the implementation with the federal government. There are specific concerns that exists which includes: the breakdown of coordination due to the largest structure of the federal government, language difficulties, the lack of control due to the threat of success by one particular agency, different perspectives, and direct change of intention due to factors such as voter pressure. It's astounding that in the heart of all this madness that anything can be accomplished at all, but thanks to the determination to be re-elected, things have work their way down the federal level or else the person in power will be impeached. Now the question is, what exactly is the Endangered Species Act? An animal is endangered if it is in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or most of its natural range in the wild. An animal is threatened if it is very likely to fall into the endangered category in "the foreseeable future". Endangered species have the possibility of generating boundless resources for the human race including medical uses, research purposes, and atmospheric contributions- namely oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. The act also sets aside land to protect endangered species. For example, many acres of old growth forest have been set-aside in an effort to preserve the Northern spotted owl. So far, the act has been successful in helping to re-establish populations of the American alligator, the California condor, the Black-footed ferret, and many species of endangered sea turtles.

Ones Socialization

There are many factors that play a major role in our socialization; from military to media. Determining and regulating how much influence they have un us is something we have little control over. My group and I had the opportunity to further expand our knowledge on three patterns; Time Orientation pattern, Social Relations Orientation pattern and Bond†s Moral Discipline. Through this essay I intend to explain how the Social Relations and Time Orientation pattern among other related factors have greatly influenced who I am. The Social Relations Orientation describes how the people in a culture organize themselves and relate to each other. The book asks â€Å"to what extent are some people in the culture considered better or superior to others?† (Lustig& Koester 90). Easy to say that Mexican American†¦ celebrate status differences†( Lustig & Koester 91) based mostly one economic status. It is so unfortunate that a society could stereotype a group of people without considering an important factor such as opportunity. In Mexico most people fall under two categories: â€Å"fresas† & â€Å"nacos†. â€Å"Fresas† can be translated into preppie, and the closest translation I could find for naco would be all those who lack education and class. Growing up I attended mostly private schools, which were made up of all sorts of people, but mostly â€Å"fresas† because they were the ones who could afford it. I remember having a friend called Leyra, she had to be the most stuck up person I had ever met. She was the kind of girl who would always judge the book by its cover, she was the kind of girl who as soon as you walked in the room would check the tags of your clothes to see if they were designer made. Fortunately I had the opportunity to be with her all through highschool, and realize that that was one person I did not want to be like. I learned many things from Leyra, the most important being never to judge a book by its cover rather its content. Education has next to my family been the most important factor in socialization, which was enforced by my family. My family and I strongly believe that as long as you live under their roof they have a say so in what you do or don†t do. My family up until a few years back was responsible for the direction my life was headed. When I lived with my aunt I felt deprived of my freedom, she chose what school I went to and classes I took I am not saying that they were not beneficial, but they were not classes that I chose. I enjoy relating to people as my equals, and address them based on the occasion not their economic status. I see myself as a member of many groups not just one. I have always had a problem belonging to just one group, I believe in having the best of all worlds. I also believe in being nurtured from the past, living in the present and looking forward to the future. Learning to let go is vital to move on, and this is something my culture is bad at. It seems as though there is not enough time in ones day carry out all activities and enjoy life at the same time. One should value time in the past, present and future. In Mexican American cultures â€Å"The day of the dead† which is considered a national holiday is one of the biggest celebrations of the year. We take this time to remember all of the loved ones who cannot be with us. It lets us think about the things we do have in order to not take them for granted. There is such a thing called â€Å"Mexican time†. Mexican time refers to arriving an hour later to what ever event you are going. We usually think well they say to be there at 7:00, but by the time everything is ready it will be 8:00, so if I arrive at 8:00 I†ll e right on time, and I wont loose any time waiting. This has cause me problems. I am always late thinking it is ok. I have been late to important meetings at work, to important classes and to everything else I do. It is embarrassing and something very hard to change. There are always certain things in a culture such as being late that one could do without. I was taught by my family that in life we do not always get our way or do what we want. I was also taught that education will provide one with the most powerful tool in life: Knowledge.

John Gotti: The Teflon Don Essay

â€Å"There was nothing that my father loved more than being a gangster. Not money, not even us. He felt that anybody that really lived this life like he did, at the end of the day you have to die or go to jail.† – John Gotti Jr. Who is John Gotti? Depending upon who you ask this question to, your answer could vary. Growing up in my neighborhood in Far Rockaway, Queens John Gotti is a legend and someone people look up to. At the same time you can ask other people about John Gotti and they will tell you that he was a ruthless thug and a menace to society. Either way you look at it John Gotti made his mark here in America and he was known all across the country for being the boss of the largest and most powerful of the five families in New York, the Gambino crime family. I will not talk about my opinions on John Gotti in this paper but I will give you his life story from his birth in the Bronx to his death in prison and let you be the judge. John Joseph Gotti was born on October 27, 1940 in the Bronx, New York. John was the fifth child of Philomena (Fannie) and Joseph Gotti, who were Italian Immigrants. Joseph and Fannie Gotti also had twelve other children; four of which who would also become made men, or members of the Mafia. John’s younger brother Gene Gotti was actually initiated before John was due to John’s incarceration at that time. During John’s time as boss of the Gambino crime family he had his brother Peter Gotti initiated despite John’s belief (and that of many others) that Peter did not have what it takes to be La Cosa Nostra. Peter earned himself the nickname â€Å"the dumbest don† after the incarceration of John Gotti, Gene Gotti, and John Gotti Jr. when he assumed the position of Boss of the Gambino crime family. The other two brothers were Richard Gotti, who would be revealed as capo in 2002, and Vincent Gotti. John Gotti spent his early years growing up in poverty. John Gotti’s father Joseph Gotti was a day laborer who never had regular work or a steady source of income. On top of Joseph Gotti’s problems with findin g decent work so he would be able to provide for his family, he also had a gambling problem. This was a huge problem because he was the only earning member of the large family. John Gotti came to resent his father for not being able to provide the family. By the time Gotti reached the age of twelve, he was already an errand boy working for an underground club. This club was headed by Carmine Fatico, a capo in the Gambino crime family. Fatico was an early mentor Gotti until John was introduced to Aniello Dellacroce, who became his mentor for life. Gotti had his first run in with the law in 1954 when he was caught with friends attempting to steal a portable cement mixer that tipped over and crushed the toes of his feet. He had to be hospitalized for a while and as a result he is supposedly missing a toe or two. By 1956, Gotti had dropped out of Franklin K. Lane High School and was named the leader of the Fulton-Rockaway Boys. This gang is where he meets and befriends Angelo Ruggiero and Wilfred Johnson, who also become Made Men in the Gambino crime family. When Gotti moved with his family to Ozone Park in Queens, New York, Gotti became a key member of the Gambino hijacking crew. Along with his brother Gene and Ruggiero, Gotti began hija cking trucks at what would come to be known as John F Kennedy International Airport. This is where he was introduced to and befriended future Bonanno crime family boss Joseph Massino. It was here that they were given the nicknames of â€Å"Black John† and â€Å"Crazy Horse†. In 1968, Gotti was arrested for the hijackings. While out on bail, Gotti was arrested again for a hijacking on the New Jersey Turnpike. Gotti pleaded guilty to the Northwest Airlines hijackings but the charges were dropped on the New Jersey Turnpike cigarette hijackings. Gotti served three years in Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary for the hijackings. After his release in 1972, Gotti returned to the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club to work with Carmine Fatico until later that year when Fatico was indicted on loansharking charges. Despite Gotti not yet being a Made Man, Fatico named him the acting capo of the Bergin crew. It was at this time that Gotti and Dellacroce grew closer because Gotti would frequently come to the Ravenite Social Club to brief Dellacroce on his crew’s activities. In May of 1973, Emanuel Gambino, nephew of Carlo Gambino who was the current head of the family, was kidnapped and murdered despite the payment of a $100,000 ransom. Gotti was tasked to take out the man responsible along with Ruggiero and Ralph Galione. The primary suspect was an Irish gangster by the name of James McBrantley. Gotti and his boys found McBrantly in a bar in Staten Island. While Gotti and Ruggiero go over and try to take him somewhere, Galione comes over and shoots McBrantley in the middle of the club for everyone to see. Gotti would be arrested for this murder one year later after being fingered by many eyewitnesses, one of which was his friend Wilfred â€Å"Willie Boy† Johnson. Gotti was able to strike a plea bargain so he would only serve four years in prison for attempted manslaughter. After the Death of Carlo Gambino in 1976, Paul â€Å"Big Paul† Castellano became the boss of the Gambino crime family. Upon his release in 1977, John Gotti was immediat ely initiated into the Gambino crime family. Gotti was immediately promoted to capo of the Bergin crew, replacing Carmine Fatico. Castellano kept Dellacroce as his underboss and gave him control over 10 of the 23 crews, including Gotti’s Bergin crew. Gotti’s Bergin crew was the largest earners of all of Dellacroce’s crews. Gotti also ran a loansharking business on the side on top of taking his cut from all the money that his subordinates made. Gotti had many people working for him and he made them all make regular appearances at the Bergin and would get irritated if someone didn’t check in within 48 hours, he kept this routine when he moved to the Ravenite Social Club. In 1980, Gotti’s son Frank Gotti was killed in a traffic accident by their neighbor, John Favara. Favara was abducted and never to be heard from again, many believe him to be dead. Despite the belief of some people that Gotti killed Favara himself, the Gotti’s were on vacation in Florida at the time of his abduction. John Gotti Jr., future head of the Gambino crime family, still believes that his father m ost definitely had something to do with his disappearance though. In his remaining years as capo of the Bergin crew, Gotti was indicted on two separate occasions. He would not go to trial for either of these cases until he was crowned boss of the Gambino crime family. One of these cases came in September of 1984; Gotti was arrested for the assault and robbery of a refrigerator repairman named Romual Piecyk. Piecyk found his car blocked by a double parked vehicle outside of the Cozy Corner Bar in Queens. Piecyk laid on his car horn until Frank Colletta, the owner of the double parked car and Gambino family associate, came out, smacked him across the face and took his weekly paycheck out of his shirt pocket. When Piecyk began to fight back, Gotti came running out and smacked him across the face and reached into his waistband and told him â€Å"you better get the f*** out of here!† Piecyk went and got the police and they returned to the bar and arrested Gotti and Colletta. The second indictment came in 1985 when Gotti along with Dellacroce and other Bergin crew members were the targets of a racketeering case, headed by US Attorney Diane Gi acalone. It was the latter case that revealed Gotti’s close friend, Willie Boy Johnson, to be an FBI informant. When Gotti found out all he had to say to Johnson was â€Å"I’m gonna give you a pass, and I give you my word no one will bother you, Gotti told Willie Boy. After we win this case, you won’t be able to be in the life again. But you’ll get a job, you’ll have your family, and you’ll be all right.† As the boss of the family, Paul Castellano had banned Made Men from the Gambino family in dealing with drugs under the threat of death. In 1983, Angelo Ruggiero and Gene Gotti along with a few others were all indicted on heroin charges. The indictment came about through bugs placed in the home of Angelo Ruggiero, using evidence given to the FBI by Willie Boy Johnson. Along with the talks of heroin deals on these tapes there were also some remarks made about Castellano from Ruggiero on there. Castellano’s pursuit to hear what was on these tapes would be the beginning of the end for him. Although John Gotti was not on any of the tapes and they co uld make no connection to him, Castellano was still looking to hold Gotti accountable. In fear for his life, Ruggiero went to Dellacroce to see if he could plead his case to Castellano that they were only sorting out the affairs of his brother Salvatore Ruggiero, a big time heroin dealer who had no ties to the family. The story was enough to hold Castellano off until he received the tapes. In the spring of 1985 Castellano began pressing for the tapes again but backed off when he found out that his underboss, Dellacroce, was dying of cancer. He figured that if he waited for Dellacroce to die, there would be nobody he had to worry about stopping him from getting the tapes. Castellano was able to hear the tapes that summer and began formulating a plan of action but would hold off on putting that plan in motion until Dellacroce died. Gotti knew Castellano, who was never a fan of Gotti and wanted him out of the family, would have him killed so he began a plot of his own along with Frank DeCicco, Sammy Gravano, Joseph Armone, and Robert DiBernardo. When Dellacroce died on December 2, 1985, it was time for one of the sides to make their move. Castellano did not show up at the services for his former underboss and that infuriated Gotti and other members of the family and also members of the other four fam ilies. For Gotti to have the head of his family killed, he would first have to go to the heads of the other families in New York for permission. Gotti got the necessary votes from the Bonanno, Colombo, and Luchesse families for the hit. â€Å"The Fist†, which is what the five men went by, had the perfect set up. They figured that a little over a week before Christmas, around rush hour, between 5pm and 6pm that the streets would be flooded with probably over a thousand people doing there holiday errands. They figured the hit would only last a few seconds and the confusion from the panic after the gunshots went off would make for the perfect escape. The four designated shooters were Vincent Artuso, John Carneglia, Eddie Lino and Salvatore Scala. The designated back-up shooter, Anthony Tony Roach Rampino, would be standing across the street from Sparks Steak House, while Angelo Ruggiero, Joseph Watts and Iggy Alogna would be stationed at 46th Street and Second Avenue to help with the escape. Frank DeCicco would be inside the restaurant where a meeting was to take place. He would be joined there by capos James Failla and Daniel Marino, who were not part of the plot. On December 16 Big Paul had arranged to meet Dellacroce’s son Buddy Dellacroce at Sparks Steak House on East 46th Street. Frank DeCicco set it up. Castellano was going to pay homage, to explain why he had not come to the wake and offered condolences, to make amends. It wouldn’t be until the afternoon of the planned murders that the actual hit team knew who their targets were. Huddled in a park on Manhattans Lower East Side, the group went over the final details of the murder plot. The four shooters were dressed alike long light colored trench coats and black fur Russian style hats. The reasoning for this was to draw attention to the outfits, not the men wearing them. Gotti and Gravano parked a Lincoln, driven by John himself, up the block in sight of the front of Sparks Steak House. Moments later Thomas Bilotti, Big Paul’s new underboss, pulled up next to Gottiâ€℠¢s car at an intersection and waited for the light to change. Using a walkie-talkie Gravano notified the others that Castellano was approaching. Bilotti steered the Lincoln into an open space in front of Sparks and got out. As Castellano stepped out of the vehicle, the hit men moved in. Big Paul was hit six times in the head and killed instantly. When the shooting began, the unarmed Bilotti ducked and looked through the driver’s side window only to see his boss’s execution, unaware that killers were now aiming at him. As the shooters assigned to Bilotti opened fire, Artuso’s gun jammed. However, the gunfire from the second assassin dropped the newly crowned underboss. Carneglia, who had finished blasting away at Castellano, ran over to the other side of the car and put the finishing touches on Bilotti. After the very public killing of Castellano and underboss Bilotti, Gotti found himself in the media spotlight a lot and was widely suspected to be responsible for the murders. Gotti became known as the â€Å"Dapper Don† for his expensive suits, hand painted ties, and meticulously groomed silver hair. At the time of Gotti’s takeover, the Gambino family was regarded as the most powerful American mafia family, which is why during this time he was regarded as a boss of bosses. The Gambino crime family’s estimated annual income was around five hundred million dollars. According to Sammy â€Å"The Bull† Gravano, Gotti was bringing in about ten to twelve million dollars per year. In an attempt to protect himself and his underlings legally, he banned any Made Man from taking a plea agreement that acknowledges the existence of the family. Gotti’s fame came to affect the outcome of his previous indictments from 1984 and 1985. By the mid to late 1980s, John Gotti had gone from the â€Å"Dapper Don† to the â€Å"Teflon Don† because of the failure to make any charges stick to him. When Gotti went to trial for the 1984 assault and robbery of Romual Piecyk, Gotti benefited from his new fame. Piecyk received many phone calls and the breaks to his work van were cut. Fearing for the worst, Piecyk went into hiding, hoping he would not have to testify. When Piecyk was forced to testify he said he could not remember who his attackers were . Because of his random loss of memory, the New York Daily News came out with a headline that read â€Å"I Forgotti!† On April 7, 1986 the jury selection for Gotti’s RICO case began. With the success Gotti had in intimidating Piecyk in his prior case, he decided to use the same tactics to beat this case. Dennis Quirk was the first witness to be approached by Gotti’s men and was murdered right before he had to testify against Gotti’s co-defendant, Charles Carnaglia. The events to happen in the next few days would lead Judge Nickerson to postpone the trial. On the morning of April 9, a bomb threat was called into the courthouse, clearing it immediately. On April 13, 1986, underboss Frank DeCicco was killed when his car was bombed following a visit to James Failla. The bombing was carried out by Lucchese capos Victor Amuso and Anthony Casso, under orders of bosses Anthony Corallo and Vincent Gigante, to avenge Castellano and Bilotti. Gotti also planned to visit Failla that day, but canceled, and the bomb was detonated after a soldier who rode with DeCicco was mistaken for the boss. While Gotti’s trial had been postponed, he remained in jail beca use his bail had been revoked for evidence of intimidation in the Piecyk case. Pretrial motions were handled on August 18, 1986. Judge Nickerson had ruled that there would be an anonymous jury to protect jurors from intimidation and the jury would not be sequestered, or isolated. Cutler claimed that such a jury creates fear that is misplaced and deprives the defendants of a fair trial. Bruce Cutler, John Gotti’s lawyer, went at the credibility of the prosecution’s witnesses like Edward Maloney and Mathew Traynor, calling them low lives and scum. This would come to be known as â€Å"Brucifying†, it was a tag that Cutler would gladly wear. Along with stripping the credibility of some of the prosecutor’s witnesses, Gravano was reached out to in order to offer his vote of not guilty to ensure a hung jury. This man’s name was George Pape; he offered his vote for sixty thousand dollars. On March 13, 1987, they acquitted Gotti and his codefendants of all charges. In February 1986, the Bankers and Brokers Restaurant in Battery Park City was under construction. The restaurant was under the management of Philip Modica, whom police described as a Gambino crime-family soldier. Modica was not using union carpenters in the construction, which upset John F. O’Connor, The business agent and chief operating officer of Manhattan-based Local 608 of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners. O’Connor responded by having the restaurant trashed one February night, causing some thirty thousand dollars’ worth of damage. When Modica took his complaint to Gotti, he ordered that O’Connor be busted up and the assignment was given to members of the Westies, a gang of Irish thugs from the Hell’s Kitchen section of Manhattan. At 6:40 in the morning on May 7, O’Connor was waiting to enter an elevator in the lobby of a midtown Manhattan building that housed his union offices. Westies gang member Kevin Kelly at O’Connor shot four times, wounding him in the butt, left leg and hip. The union official was rushed to St. Clare’s Hospital, where he soon recovered. On the evening of January 23, 1989, John Gotti was arrested outside the Ravenite Social Club and charged with ordering the 1986 assault of union official John O’Connor. There were bugs planted in the Ravenite Social Club and in an apartment above the club in which Gotti had frequent meetings where he spoke freely about Gambino family business. They used these tapes in trial when they heard what they thought to be Gotti telling someone to â€Å"Bust him up!† in reference to O’Connor. Although they had these tapes for a while, nobody warned John O’Connor about what might happen to him. Gotti’s defense attorney’s, Cutler and Shargel used this in trial stating that If the tapes weren’t clear enough to warn O’Connor, then they are not clear enough to convict Gotti. Along with the bad sound quality of the tapes and some Brucifying, Gotti was eventually acquitted on all counts due in part to the testimony of O’Connor himself. O’Connor testified that he was never told his life was in danger or that anyone was going to â€Å"bust him up†. The defense was attempting to prove that since the investigators had not warned O’Connor, they had no evidence that named him as the target of Gotti’s â€Å"bust him up† comment. O’Connor also testified that there were internal conflicts within the union at the time he was wounded and that he had many enemies. On December 11, 1990, FBI Agents arrested John Gotti, Sammy Gravano, and Frank Locasio. This was the fourth indictment for Gotti since he came to power after ordering the killings of Paul Castellano and his underboss Thomas Bilotti. However, this was the first time that Gotti would be indicted for the latter murders. He would also be indicted for the murders of Robert DiBernardo, Liborio Milito and Louis Dibono. Along with those murders, Gotti would also be charged with the conspiracy to murder Gaetano â€Å"Corky† Vastola, loansharking, illegal gambling, obstruction of justice, bribery and tax evasion. Gotti and his co-defendants were once again denied bail. Along with Gotti being denied bail, Bruce Cutler and Gerald Shargel, were disqualified from being able to represent any of the defendants in this trial due to some recordings that proved them to be working as â€Å"in house counsel† for the Gambino crime family. The tapes also created tensions between Gotti and Gravano. The tapes showed Gotti describing Gravano as too greedy and attempted to frame Sam my as the main force behind the murders of DiBernardo, Milito and Dibono. Gravano decided to turn state’s evidence in 1991 and testify against Gotti. The case was tried in the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The presiding judge was US District Judge Israel Leo Glasser. For the first time ever the jury was kept anonymous and totally sequestered in a Brooklyn Federal case. The prosecutors, Andrew Maloney and John Gleeson, opening statements were given on February 12, 1992. They played tapes from bugs planted in the Ravenite Social Club and the apartment above the club that had Gotti discussing Gambino family business, killings that he ordered, and showed the animosity he had towards Big Paul which also gave him a motive for the killing of the former head of the family. On March 2, 1992, Sammy â€Å"The Bull† Gravano began his testimony. Gravano told the court about Gotti’s ranking as the head of the family. He also told the court about Gotti’s role in the Castellano and Bilotti hit and gave them every detail of the hit. Gotti’s defense provided no real help. All of Albert Krieger’s, Gotti’s new defense attorney, witnesses’ testimonies were d ismissed except for one and that was the testimony of Gotti’s tax attorney. The prosecution rested its case on March 24 and John Gotti was convicted on all accounts on April 2. John Gotti was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole on June 23, 1992. James Fox, the director of the New York City FBI, announced at a press conference, â€Å"The Teflon is gone. The don is covered with Velcro, and all the charges stuck.† Gotti was sent to serve his sentence at the US Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. Gotti eventually died of throat cancer in June of 2002. John Gotti would not be able to have his funeral in the church due to the request of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn. After the funeral, hundreds of people followed the hearse which drove through Gotti’s old neighborhood and past the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club.

The Era of Plastic Surgery

The Era of Plastic Surgery The Era of Plastic Surgery"As definitions of beauty become ever more exacting, and as the shape-shifting technology required to maintain that aesthetic carries on developing, a homogenization of faces is taking place"( Briscoe,2010). Today's society could be classified as the era of plastic surgery since it has dominated all individuals, limitless of their age, condition or gender. We live in a place where physical appearance plays a vital role; therefore, we tend to delay physical aging as much as we can and plastic surgery is the key to that. Celebrities are role models that have invaded our time and social media. They are society's stars that ordinary people look up to; so they have an impact on others, specifically regarding beauty and cosmetic surgery. Nowadays, celebrities, who are either satisfied or dissatisfied with their look, tend to undergo cosmetic surgery in order to maintain their stardom look. Thus, it is no more surprising to see that "the number of breast augmentati ons, nose jobs and face lifts is up 10 per cent over last year" (Moen,2012).Indian Journal of Plastic SurgeryPsychologists and researchers have been discussing the pros and cons of plastic surgeries; some argue that celebrities shouldn't undergo cosmetic surgery for the sake of their career while others support the opposite.People are somehow depending on plastic surgeries as a way to obtain a better career and life. However, these surgeries don't offer a better economical transformations or self-identity enhancement (Branaman, 2010). So, people may refuse cosmetic surgery under the claim that it transforms the natural into unnatural and deprives it from its value (Moen, 2012). It is unnatural to try to possess eternal youth. One should accept that aging is a natural cycle of one's life. According to Moen, undergoing plastic surgery is an unfair action and a form of cheating. It's...

Gods and Goddesses of Norse Mythology

Gods and Goddesses of Norse Mythology When Ymir lived long agoWas no sand or sea, no surging waves.Nowhere was there earth nor heaven above.Bur a grinning gap and grass nowhere.- Và ¶lusp-The Song of the Sybil Although we know a little from observations made by Tacitus and Caesar, most of what we know of Norse mythology comes from Christian times, beginning with the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson (c.1179-1241). Not only does this mean the myths and legends were written after the period when they were routinely believed, but Snorri, as is to be expected, occasionally intrudes his non-pagan, Christian worldview. Types of Gods The Norse gods are divided into 2 major groups, the Aesir and Vanir, plus the giants, who came first. Some believe the Vanir gods represent an older pantheon of the indigenous people whom the invading Indo-Europeans encountered. In the end, the Aesir, the newcomers, overcame and assimilated the Vanir. Georges Dumezil (1898-1986) thought the pantheon reflected the typical pattern of Indo-European gods where different divine factions hold different societal functions: military,religious, andeconomic. Tyr is the warrior god; Odin and Thor divide the functions of the religious and secular leaders and the Vanir are the producers. Norse Gods and Goddesses - VanirNjà ¶rdFreyrFreyjaNannaSkadeSvipdag or HermoNorse Gods and Goddesses - AesirOdinFriggThorTyrLokiHeimdallUllSifBragiIdunBalderVeViliVidarHà ¶dMirmirForsetiAegirRanHel The Gods Home Norse gods dont live on Mt. Olympus, but their abode is separate from that of humans. The world is a circular disk, in the center of which is a concentric circle surrounded by sea. This central portion is Midgard (Mià °garà °r), the home of mankind. Across the sea is the home of the giants, Jotunheim, also known as Utgard. The gods home lies above Midgard in Asgard (sgarà °r). Hel lies below Midgard in Niflheim. Snorri Sturluson says Asgard is in the middle of Midgard because, in his Christianization of the myths, he believed the gods were only ancient kings worshiped after the fact as gods. Other accounts place Asgard across a rainbow bridge from Midgard. 9 Worlds of Norse Mythology The Gods Death The Norse gods are not immortal in the normal sense. In the end, they and the world will be destroyed because of the actions of the evil or mischievous god Loki who, for now, endures Promethean  chains. Loki is the son or brother of Odin, but only through adoption. In reality, he is a giant (Jotnar), one of the sworn enemies of the Aesir. It is the Jotnar who will find the gods at Ragnarok and bring about the end of the world. Norse Mythology Resources Individual Norse Gods and Goddesses Next page  Ã‚  Creation of the World   Page 1,  2

Response paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Response paper - Assignment Example However, the main cause of the decline of the empire can be attributed to what experts call Hypertrophy. The empire was busy crushing potential rivals. In the end, the empire had no money to finance wars or pay armies. Eventually, the empire could not protect itself from external attacks. Couple this with the fact that the cities produced nothing; all production was left for rural people. In fact the government was providing financial incentives and entertainment for urban dwellers to quell instances of revolts. Therefore, the urbanites ate free bread from government and spent all their time watching games and plays; without paying taxes. After the collapse of the Roman Empire under barbaric tribes from Germany, the church became heavily dependent on the barbarians. As Europe was under the barbaric rule, King Charles or Charlemagne became the executive rule of the new empire. Under his leadership and of Pope Gregory, many barbarians were converted to Christianity. Ironically, the church became more barbaric and as the culture deteriorated, so were the morals of the clergy. Bishops had slaves and concubines and practiced perverted sexual fantasies. They also wore swords and mils, which they used to dispose the poor of their wives and possessions. They were licentious and drunkards who preached the exact opposite of their actions. During Gregory‘s papal reign, violence, torture and corruption was the order of the day. The only reprieve for people were the saints who selflessly came to their aid. The saints had supernatural powers and could heal the sick. Many people therefore ran to them. Saints were subsequently persecuted with the exception of few powerful saints like Saint Martin who were feared by the emperor. While there was extreme corruption both physically and spiritually, the dark ages also marked a time of prosperity especially in northern Europe. Better means of farming had been

Macro-Economic Objectives and their Impact on Business Activity Assignment

Macro-Economic Objectives and their Impact on Business Activity - Assignment Example The RPI reflects a weighted average of price rises over the previous 12 months and as such it can be seen as the rate of inflation affecting the average household. (Jewell, 2007) Economists attribute inflation to one of the three causes; Excess demand in conditions of full employment, this is also known as demand pull inflation. Monetary inflation, which is the excess rise in the money supply A rise in the cost of production that is, in turn, passed on to the customers by firms enjoying some degree of monopoly power. This is cost push inflation. Inflation leads to a rise in prices, it has the effects of redistributing purchasing power. Businesses might suffer if their customers experience a decline in their real incomes. Moreover, if the inflation is one of costs rather than prices, profit margins will be squeezed. Conversely, inflation caused by access demand may lead to an increase in profits margin. One of the most damaging aspects of inflation from the business point of view is t hat it makes planning for the future difficult. Budgeting becomes difficult. Making provisions for expenses and purchases becomes difficult as prices tend to increase. (Jewell, 2000) The unemployed are defined in government statistics as those people seeking work who are unable to obtain a job. Unemployment can occur due to deficiency in demand; this could be cyclic, which is temporary during recession. Or it could be persistent which results from long-term deficiency. Technological advancement curb the need for manpower and this can also result in unemployment. Structural unemployment occurs when there is a change in the structure of demand leading to the decline of a major industry. Regional unemployment occurs when a major local industry declines leaving the workers of that area unemployed. Frictional unemployment results from the unemployment while job changing. Another form of unemployment is voluntary, which is the unwillingness to work at current rates of pay McEachern, 2008) . In theory, a high level of unemployment should increase the reserves of labour available to business. Firms that are starting up would find labour easily. Furthermore, excess supplies of labour may also weaken the resolve of unions to demand high pay. These were the advantages of unemployment; however, it is possible for unemployment to coexist with shortages of particular types of labour or shortages in certain geographical regions. (Frank & Bernanke, 2001) Economic growth is basically an increase in the productive capacity of the economy or a rise in real national income per head. As it provides the means for achieving higher living standards for all, it opens up the prospects of reducing poverty without the necessity of income redistribution. Economic growth is beneficial to private sector firms. New market opportunities will be created in an expanding economy. This provides scope for emerging businesses as well as the expansion of existing ones. A growing economy is favorable for any business and especially the ones that are new. Economic growth is measured by the increase in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. GDP can be measured by the expenditure approach or by the income approach. (Wessels, 2006) International Trade and the Balance of Payments The balance of payments is a set of accounts recording details of a nations transaction with the rest of the world. The current account measures a country's trade in currently produced goods and

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were Essay

Compare and contrast the different respects in which Freemen were treated during Reconstruction by the Cherokee Nation and how t - Essay Example Following an establishment of a working treaty with the United States of America, these individuals gained Cherokee citizenship in 1866. Numerous rights of the freedmen remained limited with some being available only to Cherokees and not freedmen Cherokees. During the reconstruction of the Cherokee nation, freedmen were only granted citizenship into the Cherokee nation. Numerous human rights, however, were not granted to the freedmen Cherokees following citizenship. Controversies continued through the 20th century concerning the rights granted to freedmen Cherokees. These individuals felt they were being accorded second grade citizenship with limited rights. Though the Cherokee citizenship offered freedmen with citizenship based on possession of Cherokee blood, amendments into the constitution later involved acceptance based on historical presence. The Cherokee nation presented controversial regulation regarding citizenship of freedmen Cherokees. This controversy continues to yield c ontinuous court battle as freedmen seek acceptance into the citizenship of Cherokee nation. Various Cherokee constitutional laws declare that qualification to Cherokee citizenship should be based on having Cherokee blood relationships and not merely historical presence within the Cherokee nation. ... Within the context of Cherokee nation, however, separation of these parameters remains difficult. The integration of the Cherokee nation as part of the United States of America brought significant impact and clarification of the pending citizenship issues. Freedmen Cherokees continued to be accorded limited right by the Cherokee nation. These included limitation into intermarriages with native Cherokees; hence freedmen Cherokees could not intermarry with native Cherokees according to the Cherokees’ regulations. This mainly remained so because these freedmen continued to be viewed as slaves of the Cherokees. There exists an unwritten slavery law where masters cannot intermarry with slaves. This theoretical believe continued to be commonly practiced within the Cherokee nation. The freedmen were also accorded second-class citizenship, with limited rights, like those of intermarriages. Adaptation into the constitution of the United States of America included access to various righ ts, previously unavailable. These included the right for freedmen Cherokees to vote and elect leaders. Though the united states governments seeks to empower the freedmen Cherokees through giving them human right accorded to other marginalized communities, controversy continues to cloud the issues of freedmen Cherokees. These individuals were offered citizenship into Cherokee nation before integration into the United States of America. The standing order, therefore, remains that they are still bound by the regulations which gave them Cherokee citizenship. These people, therefore, completely remain bound by the constitution of the Cherokee nation whose authority

Employee Performance in the Hotel Industry

Employee Performance in the Hotel Industry 1.1 Background Information: Employees are the assets for an organization. This is true because the success or failure of any organization depends upon its employee too. The importance of an employee in hospitality industry becomes more significant because of its nature- manpower intensive industry. In hospitality industry and hotel sector especially it is very important for organizations to stay focused on employee performance and so how to get enhancement in the employee performance. There are many reason of providing training to the employees. One basic reason is to fill the performance gap after having been identified the same. This gape can be known while having performance evaluation process. These days hotels have been taking continuous efforts to provide most practical and relevant training to the employees of all the functional area of the hotel concerned. These efforts of the hotels are more towards integration and getting more concrete results. Those hotels earning good profit have their well-developed training systems and they resort to a planned approach to training its employees. This level of hotel organization has regular training programmes regardless of its concrete tangible gains or not. There are many hotels where they have different approach to train the employees, that approach is intentional training, this includes providing training to all the employees irrespective of their deficiencies and strengths. This kind of approach of training goes on as one of the function of the organization. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K (2005) Employee performance is more important in this industry because employees are having direct interaction with the guest and secondly it is employee of the hotel industry that satisfies its guest. So it is very important for the manager concerned to know the factors that affects employee performance. There is a saying that perfection of work depends on pleasure at job. So pleasure and performance both can be achieved by quality education about the subject area and systematic training of the same. As far as Indian hospitality industry is concerned, a report commissioned by the department of tourism, Government of India, revealed that the annual demand for trained manpower in hotels and restaurants is likely to touch 29,000 by the year 2010. This figure is likely to increase to approximately 39,000 by the year 2020.And the actual supply of manpower? A total of approximately 18,000 students are being trained in hotel management and food craft annually in the country. Currently, in hotels, attrition rates are at 18-25 per cent per annum, and growing at an alarming rate of 10 per cent per annum. This, exacerbated by an escalating wage bill of 10-12 per annum with a five-year forecast pegged at a minimum increase of 40 per cent over current levels. Thus systematic training will play a life saving role in hospitality industry to counter with the current scenario. www.indiatoday/may2007/page24 After having basic information about systematic training and its significance to the hotel industry author would like to provide definitions of the key terms of this research. 1.2 Definitions: Training means learning some new things for increment or development of the working personnel. Training is becoming a necessary for having skills and attitudes as a part of each individuals working life for the higher performance. Performance Management: it is a process which is designed to improve organization, team and individual performance and which is owned and driven by line manager. Fool.M, Hock.C (2002). Training constitutes a systematic approach to training which includes taking the time to analyze what results the organization needs from its employees, if employees are accomplish those results. A systematic approach includes evaluating approaches before, during and after training to ensure employees truly benefited from the training in terms of enhanced results to the organization. www.managemertthelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.htm. Training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in an activity or range of activities. Golssmith.A, Nickson.D, Solan.S, Wood.R.C,; (1997). Training is a systematic process through which an organizations human resources gain knowledge and develop skills by instructions and practical activities that result in improved corporate performance. Frank.M.G, Mary.L, Monchello, BaumJ (1996). 1.3 Aim and objectives / Research Questions / Hypothesis: 1.3.1 Aim and Objectives: Purpose of this research work is to explore systematic training as a major factor in enhancement of employee performance in service department of hotel Industry. To explore the term Systematic Training and employee performance in hotel Industry. To explore the determinants of employee performance To find out relation between systematic training and employee performance. To explore training as motivational tool that leads to employee satisfaction. To explore the process involved in systematic training 1.3.2 Research Question: R.Q.1: What are the factors that influence employee performance in hotel sector of hospitality Industry? R.Q.2: How systematic training will ensure employee performance in hotel Industry? R.Q.3: What is the mechanism (process or technique) of systematic training? Is training works as motivational factor? 1.4 Rationale behind choice of this research topic: Employee performance is key to success of hotel organizations. So this is a prime area of focus because employee performance leads to organizational success and especially in hotel industry because of its nature that is manpower intensive industry. This is the reason employee performance is always a matter of consideration. These are the reasons author felt to explore this area with the help of systematic training. 1.5 Structure of Dissertation: This section is about presentation of the dissertation. First chapter after this introduction section is LITERATURE REVIEW which is chapter No.2, in this section author has presented his secondary research. After that chapter No.3 is METHODOLOGY chapter where in author has explained the methodology used to achieve the aim and objectives of this research. After methodology section there is chapter No.4 which is basically ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS with the help of tables and graphs. And at last chapter is 5 which contains CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. After these there is BIBLIOGRAPHY section which is nothing but list of references, followed by APPENDIX section which contains sample questionnaire and other additional material related with this research. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction: Literature review section of this report is secondary research related to the topic area and aim and objectives established by the author. This section of the research has been proving the research related to the topic area with the help of secondary research. All the variables of this research has been taken into account and all possible factors are also explored which is statements and quotes and sayings of scholars. 2.2 Significance of performance management: Performance management requires a willingness and commitment to focus on improving performance at the level of individual or team everyday. It focuses on performance and potential appraisal, performance review and feedback, and 360-degree feedback. All these processes center round improvement of performance levels of the employees. Its main purpose is to improve performance at all three levels- individual, group and hotel. A direct application of performance management is raising competency levels and potential of employees through employee training and development. Training and development efforts need to be linked with performance and potential appraisal systems prevailing in the hotel to improve results from training. Concrete gains from such training efforts initiated for employees can be achieved. Where performance appraisal has indicated poor performance, training focused at improving needed performance levels can yield significant improvement of performance by initiating need based professional development programs. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Managing higher performance in a hotel is very much dependent on adopting a systematic training approach by which training gives better results and is more effective for both the individual as well as for the hotel. Training is a planned process to modify attitude, knowledge or skill behavior through learning experience to achieve effective performance in a activity or a range of activities. Goldsmith A, Nicleson D, Solan S, Wood RC: (1997) Training includes systematic training, which includes the different approaches like Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. Therefore systematic training means to analyze the needs and training goals of the organization with knowledge and skills to perform according to the hotel needs. Then a design of training system is there by which a training package is developed, which is inclusive of audio-visual, graphics, manuals etc. and at last implementing the package, which is developed. Simply approaches of systematic training provide a phase to next phase as it is a ongoing process. www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. 2.3 Types of Training and Development: 2.3.1 Informal Training and Development Informal training and development is rather casual and incidental. Typically, there are no specified training goals as such, nor are their ways to evaluate if the training actually accomplished these goals or not. This type of training and development occurs so naturally that many people probably arent aware that theyre in a training experience at all. Probably the most prominent form of informal training is learning from experience on the job. Examples are informal discussions among employees about a certain topic, book discussion groups, and reading newspaper and journal articles about a topic. A more recent approach is sending employees to hear prominent speakers, sometimes affectionately called the parade of stars. Informal training is less effective than formal training if one should intentionally be learning a specific area of knowledge or skill in a timely fashion. Hardly any thought is put into what learning is to occur and whether that learning occurred or not. (However, thi s form of training often provides the deepest and richest learning because this form is what occurs naturally in life.) www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. 2.3.2 Formal Training and Development: Formal training is based on some standard form. Formal training might include: Declaring certain learning objectives (or an extent of knowledge, skills or abilities that will be reached by learners at the end of the training), using a variety of learning methods to reach the objectives and then applying some kind(s) of evaluation activities at the end of the training. The methods and means of evaluation might closely associate with the learning objectives, or might not. For example, courses, seminars and workshops often have a form but its arguable whether or not their training methods and evaluation methods actually assess whether the objectives have been met or not.http:/ /www.managementhelp.org/trng_dev/methods/slf_drct.htm 2.3.3 Formal, Systematic Training and Development: Systematic, formal training involves carefully proceeding through the following phases: 1. Assessing what knowledge, skills and /or abilities are needed by learners; 2. Designing the training, including identifying learning goals and associated objectives, training methods to reach the objectives, and means to carefully evaluate whether the objectives have been reached or not; 3. Developing the training methods and materials; 4. Implementing the training; and 5. Evaluating whether objectives have been reached or not, in addition to the quality of the training methods and materials themselves www.managementhelp.org/trng-dev/basics/sd.html. A systematic approach is goal-oriented (hopefully, to produce results for the organization and/or learners), with the results of each phase being used by the next phase. Typically, each phase provides ongoing evaluation feedback to other phases in order to improve the overall systems process. Not all formal methods are systematic. Some courses, workshops, and other training sessions have goals, methods and evaluation, but they are not aligned, or even integrated. The methods, in total, do not guide the learner toward achieving the training goal. The evaluations are too often of how a learner feels about the learning experience, rather than of how well the learning experience achieved the goal of the training. http://www.managementhelp.org/trng_dev/rnethods/slf_drct.htrn 2.3.4 Self-Directed and Other-Directed Training: Self-Directed Training Self-directed training includes the learner making the decisions about what training and development experiences will occur and how. Self-directed training seems to be more popular of late. Note that one can pursue a self-directed approach to informal or formal training. For example, self-directed, informal training might include examples of informal training (book discussion groups, etc.), as long as the learner chose the activities and topics themselves, either for professional or personal reasons. Self-directed, formal training includes the learners selecting and carrying out their own learning goals, objectives, methods and means to verify that the goals were met. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ Other-Directed Learning This form, of course, is where someone other than the learner drives what training activities will occur. Other-directed, informal training includes, e.g., supervisors sending employees to training about diversity, policies, sexual harassment in the workplace. Other-directed, formal training includes where someone other than the learner specifies the training goals will be met in training, how those goals will be met and how evaluation will occur to verify that the goals were met. This form of learning is probably the most recognized because it includes the approach to learning as used in universities, colleges and training centers. This form of learning typically grants diplomas and certificates. Note that this form of training, although readily available in universities, etc., is usually somewhat generic, that is, the program is geared to accommodate the needs of the most learners and not be customized to any one learner. Therefore, a learner may pay tuition fees to learn knowledge and skills that he or she may not really need.Another form of other-directed, formal training is employee development plans. The plans identify performance goals, how the goals will be reached, by when and who will verify their accomplishment. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ Other-directed, formal training can be highly effective for helping learners gain desired areas of knowledge and skills in a timely fashion. A drawback is that learners can become somewhat passive, counting on the expert to show them when and what they should be doing. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com/ 2.4 Systematic Training Approach: Adopting a systematic approach to training helps ensure that supervisors are getting the most out of themselves and their employees. A systematic approach to training includes the time to analyze what results the hotel needs from its employees, if employees are accomplishing those results, and what training and what training and development approaches are needed by employees to better accomplish those results. A systematic approach includes evaluating approaches before, during and after training to ensure employees truly benefited from the training in terms of enhanced results to the organization. These also have to be linked with performance management. Effective training and development includes using sound principles of performance management and effective training techniques. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.4.1 Steps: Analysis-: Analyze the hotel needs and identify training goals which, when reached, will equip learners with knowledge and skills to meet the hotels needs. Usually this phase also includes identifying when training should occur and who should attend as learners. Purpose of training analysis is identifying training goals. A training analysis is conducted ultimately to identify training areas and plans for learners to help them acquire higher competence levels and contribute to accomplishment of the hotels goals (usually in terms of a performance standard). Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Design:- Design a training system that learners and trainers can implement to meet the learning goals; typically includes identifying learning objectives, need facilities, necessary funding, course contents, lessons and sequence of lessons. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Designing the Training Programs-: The step requires listing of typical activities involved in designing training. During the design phase (which is usually closely integrated with the development phase), trainers work from learning goals to design a training system that learners and trainers can implement to meet the learning goals. This phase also typically includes identifying learning objectives, need facilities, necessary funding, course contents, lessons and sequence of lessons. The various training media are selected, e.g.: instructor-led, computer-based, worldwide web based, self-directed, interactive and computer-based, or multi ­media. Therefore this design phase can also include identifying evaluation criteria to evaluate if course content is understandable by learners. There are some points considered for the phase which are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The nature and type of training that is to be imparted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The anticipated that learners may take to learn the particular aspects desired to be imparted from the training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The financial provisions that can be possible to be made for the particular type of training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The level of participants group. Formulating Program Learning Objectives-: Training programs should be designed by the trainers and/or learners to achieve certain overall goals. Programmes should also include various learning objectives that will help in achieving the overall goals of the training programme. Care must be taken while designing a training programmers learning objectives. These should be designed and worded to the extent that others can clearly understand. These training objectives have to be clarified to the learners in the beginning of the programme so that they know from the beginning what specifically are the programme objective and whether the same have been achieved or not. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Develop : Programme development requires developing right from the programme outline to training manuals, trainers manuals, specific cases, so that programme objectives and learning goals can be achieved with optimum efforts for training made. It must be developed and implemented in a manner so that the best results from training are achieved. The way the entire programme is conceived and developed is also an important determinant for the success of the training effort. It contains the following main activities: Developing Programme Learning Activities-: Every programme must contain a set of learning activities consisting of a mix of role-plays, exercises, games, instruments, cases, etc. these learning activities have to be compiled theme and sub- theme wise. Training material must be systematically developed and finally each sub-theme, theme with the help of various learning activities must culminate in concrete learnings. Development requires documentation of all these and compiled a trainees and trainers manuals to use as resource material for conducting programmes systematically. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Develop System of Continuous Learning-: Programme can be developed in such a way that the process of continuous learning is in-built in the programme structure itself and learners continue to learn even after the programme is over. Therefore it is important that the process learning must continue. This can be possible through developing mechanisms for reinforcements by the learners superiors, post training follow-ups, and helping learners develop a plan of action for implementing in the place of work both in short term and long term. The techniques to help facilitate occurrence of continuous learning on the various programme themes, has to be planned and integrated into the programme development phase. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Implement-: This phase involves implementing the developed training package, which includes scheduling and delivering the training materials, and running the programme. This phase can include many administrative activities, such as copying, taken attendance data, billing participants, arrangements for program logistics and support facilities to create a favorable environment for learners. The major activities requiring care in this phase among others mentioned above are: Selecting a Trainer-: This activity is the most important activity. The appropriateness of the trainer will determine the effectiveness of the programme as well as the cost. The most important consideration when selecting a trainer is if they are well suited to the training design required to meet the learning goals. For e.g, if learners prefer computer-based instruction, then they will benefit most from a trainer only when he will have a thorough understanding of on-line/web enabled training technologies with a high level of personal mastery. Trainers may be chosen from among the following depending on needs, suitability and costs. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluate-: Training evaluation is extremely important phase and preferably, must be done before, during and after implementation of training. Evaluation process must adopt approaches that are practical and relevant. Typically evaluation could be carried out at four distinct points of time. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating Before the Implementation Phase-: The evaluation at this point must find out whether: The planned training package will really result in enhancing the employees knowledge and skills needed to perform the task or carry out the assignment roles. The same has been attended by other employees in the hotel and that how useful have they found. The employees are/will be comfortable with the training pedagogy. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating During Implementation of Training Programme-: It requires finding out: How are the participants feeling about the relevance and usefulness of the programme, getting more and more interested or disinterested? Continuously undertake recapitulation before the next day and sum up before the close of the day. A short-programme evaluation could be structured and taken during the middle of the programme to take any corrective action required. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluating Immediately After Completion of the Training-: The training programme must be evaluated properly after the same has been completed. This can be done by: Giving each participant a feedback form and taking a structured written feedback. Take the participants verbal feedback to check for anything that has not been covered up in the written feedback. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) Evaluation after completion of 3-4 Months of Training: This is generally done by an expert evaluator from inside or outside the hotel to evaluate what have been the concrete gains to both the learners knowledge and skills and to the hotel as well. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.5 Advantages of Systematic Training: Training involves an expert working with the learners to transfer to them certain areas of knowledge or skills to improve in their current jobs. Development is a broad, ongoing multifaceted set of activities (training activities among them) to bring someone or an organization up to another threshold of performance, often to perform some job or new role in future. The typical benefits are as follows: Increased job satisfaction and morale among employees. Increased employee motivation. Increased efficiencies in processes, resulting in financial gain. Increased capacity to adopt new technologies and methods. Increased innovation in strategies and products. Reduced employee turnover. Enhanced hotel image. Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005) 2.6 Dimensions of Systematic Training and Development Processes: Systematic Training and development processes could be described using two dimensions one for the degree of formality and one for the balance between self-directed and other-directed learning. These two sets of choices result in four overall approaches. That is, one can take an informal approach to self-directed or other-directed learning. Similarly, one can take a formal approach to self-directed or other-directed learning. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com The decision about what approach to take to systematic training depends on several factors. These factors include the amount of funding available for training, specificity and complexity of the knowledge and skills needed, timeliness of training needed, and capacity and motivation of the learner. Other-directed, formal training is typically more expensive than other approaches, but is often the most reliable to use for the learner to achieve the desired knowledge and skills in a timely fashion. Self-directed, informal learning can be very low-cost; however the learner should have the capability and motivation to pursue their own training. Training may take longer than other-directed forms. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com Highly specific and routine tasks can often be trained without complete, formal approaches. On the other hand, highly complex and changing roles often require more complete and formal means of development, which can be very expensive as a result. If training is needed right away, then other-directed training is often very useful, e.g., to sign up for a training course at a local university, college or training center. Or, a training professional can be brought in. Again, other-directed training is usually faster and more reliable, but more expensive. Self-directed forms of training require that the learner be highly motivated and able to conceptualize their approach to training, particularly in formal training. htpp//:www.authenticityconsulting.com 2.6 Factors affecting systematic Training Programme: After having a series of discussions with the trainers/management consultants several factors were identified and grouped into which affect the training programmes negatively. Some of the factors which contributed to the negative results of training programmes are grouped as the reasons for failure of a training programme. Some reasons are identified for less effective training programmes and the responses were collected on a five point scale. All the reasons were listed in the questionnaire and the respondents were asked to rate the reasons for the less effective/ poor quality of a training programme. In the opinions of the respondents and the mean values of the reasons for less effective training programmes, the following are the factors, which affect the most of the training programme results: No follow up after the training programmes. Too much of individual difference among the trainees. Lack of motivation to trainees after the training. Inadequate opportunity to perform what the trainee has learned during the programme. Resistance to change due to uncertainty of outcomes. Communication gaps at the programmes. Too short duration. Lack of genuine support from top management. Very little planning or problems in the design itself. ( Srivastava.V.N, Shafiq.M, Ghosh.K; (2005)) Informations of this section have been taken from work of many scholars as a part of secondary research. Based on the secondary research author would like to conclude that to have enhancement in performance of hotel staff systematic training would be a vital factor. Now author will conduct primary research and discuss the concept based on his own experience after having interaction with the samples while conducting primary research. Author will replicate this conclusion based on secondary research, in the conclusion section of this report, while writing conclusion based on primary research. Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design: A research can be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. The determination of a particular research (as whether it is exploratory, descriptive or explanatory) is based on the aims and objectives of the research. Exploratory research seeks to get new insights into the subject, answers the research questions and assesses a phenomena from a new perspective. In other words, such research attempts to understanding or clarifying a problem (Saunders et al, 2005). Further they add that exploratory research goes through the processes of reviewing literature and consulting to experts on the subject through selected methods of consultation. They further put that exploratory research is advantageous in the sense that it is flexible and adaptable to change. Thus while conducting exploratory research a researcher can change his/her direction considering the new data and new insights. On the other end, as according to Saunders et al. (2005), the purpose of descriptive research is to highlight an accurate profile of an event or situation. This research is also termed as an extension of exploratory research, where a clear picture of phenomena is required before collecting the data. Finally there comes explanatory research, which according to Saunders et al. (2005), establishes relationship between variables and in such type of research focus is given on studying a situation or a problem (through explaining relationship between variables). In such type of research various statistical tests are conducted in order to examine the relationship. The aim of this research is to examine five star hotels on the basis of systematic training to the staff of service department and staff performance point of views. 3.2 Research Method Business and management Research, like any other study, has evolved through years of theoretical foundations and conceptualisations. Research may be defined as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2003). Research would not be meaningful if it is not done in a systematic way i.e. it should have a clear purpose and data collection should be done accordingly followed by assembling of data collected along with interpretation without which it is not considered a resea